《科学》（20261112出版）一周论文导读
《科学》（20261112出版）一周论文导读
编译｜华园
Science, 12 Nov 2026, VOL 394, ISSUE 6825
《科学》2026年11月12日，第394卷，6825期
人类学Anthropology
Poisoned hunting weapons, megafauna, and plant use at a 125,000-year-old Arabian paleolakeshore
距今12.5万年的的阿拉伯古湖岸：带毒狩猎武器、巨型动物与植物利用
▲ 作者：Chris Clarkson，Frans van Buchem et al.
▲链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aef9342
▲ 摘要：智人起源于非洲后，曾多次向外扩散进入亚洲，但撒哈拉—阿拉伯地区的考古记录仍然稀少。本研究报道了沙特阿拉伯蒙达凡古湖岸边的中旧石器时代遗址“Uruq Aljelibah”，年代约为12.5万年前（海洋同位素阶段5e）。勒瓦娄哇石器组合、拼合石制品以及与巨型动物的关联表明，当地曾原地制作工具并加工动物胴体。
石器残留物、使用痕迹和生物标志物显示，古人类加工过动物和植物，包括棕榈、块茎、树木和灌木。若干石尖带有冲击损伤和毒物残留（来自 Acokanthera schimperi），表明它们被用作复合狩猎系统中的装柄武器尖。遗址中的巨型动物遗存包括河马、水牛、瞪羚、鸵鸟和骆驼，反映出古人类对淡水与草原生态系统的利用。
▲ Abstract：After the African origin of Homo sapiens, multiple dispersals radiated into Asia, yet the Saharo-Arabian archaeological record remains sparse. In this study, we report on ‘Uruq Aljelibah, a Middle Paleolithic site dated to ~125,000 years ago (marine isotope stage 5e) and located on the shore of Mundafan paleolake, Saudi Arabia. Levallois assemblages, refits, and megafaunal associations indicate in situ tool production and carcass processing. Stone tool residues, use-wear, and biomarkers reveal animal and plant processing, including palms, tubers, trees, and shrubs. Several points exhibit impact damage and poison residues (from Acokanthera schimperi), indicating use as hafted weapon tips within composite hunting systems. Megafaunal remains include hippopotamus, buffalo, gazelle, ostrich, and camel, illuminating hominin use of freshwater and grassland ecosystems.
地球科学Earth Sciences
Climate aridity amplifies global riverine nitrate beyond human inputs
气候干旱放大全球河流硝酸盐污染，其影响超出人类输入
▲ 作者：Kayalvizhi Sadayappan，Li Li et al.
▲链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aeg2366
▲摘要：硝酸盐污染通常被视作人类输入的典型标志。研究者利用机器学习重建的全球地图表明：气候干旱同样是一项主导驱动因子，它会系统性抬升不同土地利用梯度下的硝酸盐浓度，并在主要农业区与城市中心之外催生意料之外的污染热点。
在全球约290万个河段中，硝酸盐浓度超过生态阈值和健康阈值的区域分别约占全球陆地面积的33%和2%，分别影响约56亿（73%）和5亿（6%）人口。生态阈值超标主要发生在源头河段，约一半的健康阈值超标发生在中等收入国家和人口稀疏地区。
这些发现说明，硝酸盐污染是一种被干旱放大的风险；即使没有额外的人类输入，干旱化也可能增加硝酸盐暴露。研究者据此呼吁制定监管标准，以反映广泛浓度范围内的风险。
▲ Abstract：Nitrate pollution is widely perceived as a signature of human inputs. Here we show, with machine-learning reconstructed global maps, that climate aridity is also a dominant driver, systematically elevating nitrate concentrations across land-use gradients and creating unexpected hotspots beyond major agricultural and urban centers. Across ~2.9 million river segments worldwide, nitrate concentrations exceed ecological and health thresholds across ~33 and 2% of global land area, affecting ~5.6 billion (73%) and 0.5 billion (6%) people, respectively. Ecological threshold exceedance occurs mostly in headwaters, and about half of the health threshold exceedance occurs in middle-income countries and sparsely populated landscapes. These findings cast nitrate pollution as an aridity-amplified risk, suggesting that aridification may increase nitrate exposure even without additional human inputs. They call for regulatory standards that reflect risks across broad concentration ranges.
Direct monitoring of breaching in deltaic submarine landslides
直接监测三角洲海底滑坡的溃决过程
▲ 作者：Rebecca G. Englert，Matthieu J. B. Cartigny et al.
▲ 链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aef8444
▲摘要：海底滑坡会威胁海底基础设施，还会把大量在全球尺度上很重要的沉积物、碳和污染物输送到深海。但完全发生在海底的滑坡，此前从未在自然界中被直接监测过。
因此，过去关于这类滑坡失稳机制和运动过程的推测，在真实环境中一直没得到验证，其中包括砂质海底是否会出现长时间向上坡迁移的破坏，也就是“溃决”。
该研究对加拿大西部Homathko三角洲（霍马思科三角洲）的完全海底滑坡进行了水下直接监测。结果显示，这些滑坡缓慢向上坡后退，属于溃决型破坏。它们持续时间较长，而不是瞬间发生，这对海底结构设计时需要承受的应力很重要。持续时间长的滑坡还会引发持续的沉积物流动（浊流），把沉积物、碳和污染物输送到更远的海域。
▲ Abstract：Submarine landslides threaten seabed infrastructure and trigger the transport of globally important amounts of sediment, carbon, and pollutants to deep-sea environments. However, fully submarine landslides have never been directly monitored in nature. Past hypotheses for their failure mechanism and dynamics therefore remain unvalidated for natural settings, including that prolonged upslope-migrating failures (breaching) occur in sandy seafloor environments. In this work, we present direct underwater monitoring of fully submarine landslides at Homathko Delta in western Canada that retrogress slowly upslope, indicating breaching-type failure. Their prolonged rather than instantaneous nature has important implications for the stress that seabed structures must be designed to withstand. Prolonged landslides also initiate sustained sediment flows (turbidity currents) that efficiently transport sediment, carbon, and pollutants further offshore.
材料物理Materials Physics
Giant elastoresistance in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene
魔角扭转双层石墨烯中的巨大弹性电阻
▲ 作者：Xuetao Ma，Zhaoyu Liu，Jiun-Haw Chu，Matthew Yankowitz et al.
▲链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adz0597
▲摘要：莫尔材料中的强关联相和拓扑相，对原子尺度和超晶格尺度上的晶格几何都极为敏感。扭转角、压力和应变能直接改变晶格，因此是很有效的调控手段。
本研究考察了连续单轴应变下扭转双层石墨烯的电输运。在魔角（约1.1°）附近，器件表现出明显的弹性电阻，且其大小依赖于能带填充和温度，应变因子比传统金属高出两个数量级以上。在某些掺杂区间内，弹性电阻还呈现出类居里—外斯式的温度发散。
研究者讨论了可能的微观来源，包括向列涨落以及由涨落的同位旋矩带来的电子熵增强。这项工作表明，单轴应变可以作为研究莫尔材料中关联物理的一种通用手段。
▲ Abstract：Strongly correlated and topological phases in moiré materials are exquisitely sensitive to lattice geometry at both atomic and superlattice length scales. Twist angle, pressure, and strain directly modify the lattice and thus act as highly effective tuning parameters. Here, we examined electrical transport in twisted bilayer graphene subjected to continuous uniaxial strain. Near the magic angle (≈1.1°), devices exhibited a pronounced elastoresistance that depended on band filling and temperature, with a gauge factor more than two orders of magnitude larger than that of conventional metals. In selected doping regimes, the elastoresistance exhibited a Curie-Weiss–like temperature divergence. We discuss possible microscopic origins, including nematic fluctuations and enhanced electronic entropy from fluctuating isospin moments. Our work establishes uniaxial strain as a versatile probe of correlated physics in a moiré material.
Antiferroelectric hafnia down to the 2D limit
反铁电氧化铪低至二维极限
▲ 作者：Xin Li，Guodong Ren，Evgeny Y. Tsymbal，Alexei Gruverman，Rohan Mishra，Xiaoshan Xu et al.
▲链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ady5526
▲摘要：反铁电性是指电偶极子自发地沿反平行方向交替有序排列的一种材料性质。反铁电材料在储能、固态制冷和存储技术方面很有前景；但这类材料很稀缺，其可扩展性也基本还没被探索。
这项研究显示，单晶氧化铪——一种无铅、与互补金属氧化物半导体（CMOS）兼容的材料——在压应变条件下具有反铁电性。研究者在生长于钇稳定氧化锆衬底上的单晶（111）取向外延镧（La）掺杂氧化铪薄膜中，观察到了反平行亚晶格极化和稳定的双电滞回线，并证明氧化铪的反极性正交相符合反铁电性的Kittel模型。压应变会增强较薄La掺杂氧化铪薄膜中的正交有序，从而在二维极限下实现高达850°C的极高有序化温度，显示出氧化铪在先进反铁电器件中的潜力。
▲ Abstract：Antiferroelectricity is a material property characterized by alternating electric dipoles spontaneously ordered in antiparallel directions. Antiferroelectrics are promising for energy storage, solid-state cooling, and memory technologies; however, these materials are scarce, and their scalability remains largely unexplored. In this work, we demonstrated that single-crystalline hafnia, a lead-free complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS)–compatible material, exhibits antiferroelectricity under compressive-strain conditions. We observed antiparallel sublattice polarization and stable double hysteresis in single-crystalline (111)-oriented epitaxial lanthanum (La)–doped hafnia films grown on yttrium-stabilized zirconia and showed that the antipolar orthorhombic phase of hafnia adheres to the Kittel model of antiferroelectricity. Compressive strain strengthens the orthorhombic order in thinner La-doped hafnia films, achieving a very high ordering temperature of 850°C in the two-dimensional limit, highlighting hafnia’s potential for advanced antiferroelectric devices.
生命科学Life Sciences
Increased demographic turnover and isolation precede social fragmentation in Asian elephants
亚洲象中种群成员更替与社群隔离加剧先于社会分裂
▲ 作者：Anastasia E. Madsen，Shermin de Silva et al.
▲链接：https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aef6714
▲摘要：人类和许多其他动物都生活在相互联系的社会社群中，这些社群对生存和福祉至关重要。原则上，即使成员发生变化，社群仍可维持。然而，成员变化逐渐累积，可能使系统越过临界阈值而进入另一种状态，从而重构连接模式。这类变化还可能进一步影响系统对扰动的韧性。
研究者通过追踪社群成员与结构，研究了443头野生雌性亚洲象在12年间的社会网络动态。随着成员更替不断累积，网络分裂为更小、更孤立的社群。连接的变化不仅源于成员流失，也源于剩余个体之间关系的改变。这为一种长寿陆生哺乳动物的社会网络在成员更替逐渐累积后发生持续性状态转变提供了实证证据。
▲ Abstract：Humans and many other animals live in interconnected social communities that are essential for survival and well-being. In principle, communities can persist despite changes in constituent members. However, gradually accumulating changes to membership could push systems past critical thresholds into alternate states, restructuring patterns of connectivity. Such changes can further affect systemic resilience against disturbance. We investigated social network dynamics for 443 wild female Asian elephants over 12 years by tracking community membership and structure. Following accumulated demographic turnover, networks fractured into smaller and more isolated communities. Connections changed not only owing to loss of members but also modifications in relationships among remaining individuals. This provides empirical evidence of a persistent state change in the social network of a long-lived terrestrial mammal following gradually accumulating demographic turnover.