《自然》（20261015出版）一周论文导读
《自然》（20261015出版）一周论文导读
编译|冯维维
Nature, 15 October 2026, Volume 658 Issue 8136
《自然》2026年10月15日，第658卷，8136期
物理学Physics
Parity-dependent coupling of molecular spin chains to a superconductor
分子自旋链与超导体的宇称依赖耦合
▲ 作者：Katerina Vaxevani, Jon Ortuzar, Stefano Trivini, Georg Monninger, Dongfei Wang, Manuel Vilas-Varela, Lucía Gómez-Rodrigo, Diego Pena & Jose Ignacio Pascual
▲链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-11117-y
▲摘要：
量子材料中的集体行为可以产生仅携带其组成单元部分量子数的激发。一个显著的例子出现在自旋为1的单元链中，其中拓扑能隙保护链的内部，而自旋为1/2的态——即构成链的单元自旋的一半——出现在末端。在短链中，这些分数化边缘自旋相互耦合，其拓扑保护使其对于混合自旋—超导器件具有吸引力。然而，这种分数化能否在超导凝聚体附近存活，仍是一个未决问题。
研究者在近邻化的Au（111）/Nb（110）衬底上生长了由反铁磁耦合的自旋为1三角烯单元构成的分子霍尔丹链，并通过扫描隧道光谱解析了其自旋为1/2边缘态与超导体的宇称依赖耦合。奇数长度链在超导能隙内承载尤—希巴—鲁西诺夫（YSR）束缚态，起源于全局S = 1基态；而偶数长度链形成S=0基态，与超导体解耦。
双格点模型将这种交替归因于边缘间相互作用的符号和强度，并由隧道谱中的额外能隙自旋激发独立证实。S=1链的多体自旋激发也被检测到，其因大得多的霍尔丹能隙而与超导体解耦。边缘自旋与超导体的长度可调耦合为基于π共轭碳架构的分子自旋量子比特开辟了一条途径。
▲ Abstract：
Collective behaviour in quantum materials can produce excitations carrying only a fraction of the quantum numbers of their constituents. A notable case occurs in chains of spin-1 units, in which a topological gap protects the interior of the chain, whereas spin-1/2 states, half the spin of the units that form it, emerge at the ends. In short chains, these fractional edge spins couple to each other and their topological protection makes them attractive for hybrid spin–superconductor devices. Whether such fractionalization survives the proximity of a superconducting condensate, however, remains an open question. Here we grow molecular Haldane chains of antiferromagnetically coupled spin-1 triangulene units on a proximitized Au(111)/Nb(110) surface and resolve a parity-dependent coupling of their spin-1/2 edge states to the superconductor by scanning tunnelling spectroscopy. Odd-length chains host Yu–Shiba–Rusinov (YSR) bound states inside the superconducting gap, originating from a global S = 1 ground state, whereas even-length chains form an S = 0 ground state decoupled from the superconductor. A two-site model attributes this alternation to the sign and strength of inter-edge interactions, independently confirmed by extra-gap spin excitations in tunnelling spectra. Many-body spin excitations of the S = 1 chain are also detected, decoupled from the superconductor by the much larger Haldane gap. The length-tunable coupling of the edge spins to superconductors opens a route towards molecular spin qubits based on π-conjugated carbon architectures.
物理和化学Physics & chemistry
Hidden reaction pathways inform additive engineering for perovskite LEDs
隐藏反应路径为钙钛矿LED的添加剂工程提供信息
▲ 作者：Sung-Doo Baek, Yu-Ting Yang, Pengfei Wu, Hanjun Yang, Mohammad Ali, Hui Taou Kok, Xiyu Luo, Wenhao Shao, Hyuntae Choi, Jeong Hui Kim, L. Jay Guo, Libai Huang, Barry P. Rand & Letian Dou
▲链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-11120-3
▲摘要：
钙钛矿发光二极管（PeLED）已成为一类前景广阔的溶液加工发光器件，兼具高效率和易于制备的特点。基于氨基酸的分子添加剂被广泛用于调控钙钛矿薄膜的结晶和抑制缺陷，然而这些分子在前驱体溶液中具有化学反应性，其转化过程和产物仍鲜为人知。
研究者解析并实现了对一种常用添加剂——5-氨基戊酸（5AVA）的隐秘液相化学反应的调控，该物质在溶液中的反应活性此前一直未被厘清。研究发现，在前驱体预处理阶段，5-氨基戊酸会发生多种相互竞争的原位反应，生成两种化学性质与功能完全不同的产物：一种是有益的有机脒鎓两性离子，另一种是起负面作用的路易斯碱-内酰胺。
通过阐明该二元竞争反应机制，并实现对反应路径的定向调控，研究可以选择性获得有益活性组分。直接合成并引入纯化后的两性离子，能够将其本征缺陷钝化作用与干扰性副产物剥离开来。由此制备得到的钙钛矿薄膜平均峰值光致发光量子产率（PLQY）高达 97.2%，接近理论极限；对应的钙钛矿发光二极管最优外量子效率（EQE）可达 37.1%，平均峰值外量子效率为32.8%。研究证实该反应路径调控思路可以拓展至其他添加剂化学体系以及不同发光颜色，表明该化学驱动策略有望用于钙钛矿发光二极管的添加剂理性设计。
▲ Abstract：
Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have emerged as a promising class of solution-processed light-emitting devices, combining high efficiency with facile fabrication. Amino-acid-based molecular additives are widely used to regulate crystallization and suppress defects in perovskite thin films, yet these molecules are chemically reactive in precursor solutions, in which their transformations and products remain poorly understood. Here we resolve and control the hidden solution-phase chemistry of a ubiquitous additive, 5-aminovaleric acid (5AVA), whose solution-phase reactivity has remained unclear. We show that 5AVA undergoes competing in situ reactions during precursor preconditioning, yielding two chemically and functionally distinct products: a beneficial organoamidinium zwitterion and a detrimental Lewis-base lactam. By explaining this reaction dichotomy and establishing targeted reaction-pathway control, we selectively use the beneficial species. Direct synthesis and incorporation of the purified zwitterion decouple its intrinsic passivation function from confounding by-products, yielding perovskite films with a near-unity mean peak photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 97.2% and PeLEDs with a champion external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 37.1%, alongside a mean peak EQE of 32.8%. Finally, we demonstrate that this reaction-pathway control concept can be extended to further additive chemistries and emission colours, highlighting its potential as a chemistry-driven strategy for rational additive design in PeLEDs.
生命科学Life Sciences
Sugar-rich foods exacerbate antibiotic-induced microbiome disruption
高糖食物加剧抗生素引发的微生物组紊乱
▲ 作者：Anqi Dai, Annamaria Ballweg, William Jogia, Madhumitha Rangesa, Peter A. Adintori, Mirae Baichoo, Tyler Funnell, Teng Fei, Nicholas R. Waters, Abrielle Swartz, Sukanya Sahu, Brianna Gipson, Sandeep S. Raj, Eiko Hayase, Zoe Pierce, Kenton Wu, Natalie Smith, Justin Neuberger, Adam Warren, Marina Burgos da Silva, Oriana Miltiadous, Corrado Zuanelli Brambilla, Marissa Lubin Buchan, Tatanisha K. Peets, …Jonathan U. Peled
▲链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-11077-3
▲摘要：
饮食会塑造肠道微生物组的组成；但不同食物类别对微生物组动态变化的具体影响尚不明确，尤其是在机体受到强烈扰动的条件下。本研究精准追踪173名接受造血细胞移植住院患者的9419份进餐记录，分析后续肠道微生物组的改变，以此探究饮食与肠道微生物组动态之间的关联。
对158名具备配对纵向微生物组样本的患者数据开展贝叶斯推断，结果显示：抗生素暴露期间摄入甜食与糖类，预示微生物失调会进一步加重，具体表现为α多样性降低，以及条件致病菌肠球菌大量增殖。小鼠实验同样证实，补充蔗糖会增大并延长抗生素诱导的肠球菌扩增效应。
上述结果表明，抗生素治疗期间避免高糖饮食，或许能够减轻微生物组遭受的破坏。后续还需要在独立人群队列中开展更多研究，来验证该结论的普适性，并评估各类保护微生物组的干预手段。
▲ Abstract：
Diet shapes the composition of the gut microbiota1; however, the specific effects of distinct food groups on microbiome dynamics are unclear, particularly in circumstances of extreme perturbation. Here we evaluated the relationship between diet and intestinal microbiome dynamics by precisely tracking 9,419 meals consumed by 173 patients who were hospitalized for haematopoietic cell transplantation and analysing subsequent microbiome changes. Bayesian inference applied to data from 158 patients with paired longitudinal microbiome samples revealed that the intake of sweets and sugars during antibiotic exposure predicted exacerbated microbial dysbiosis, manifesting as lowered α-diversity and greater expansion of the pathobiont Enterococcus. Experiments in mice also showed that sucrose supplementation increased and prolonged antibiotic-induced Enterococcus expansion. These data suggest that avoiding a diet rich in simple sugars during antibiotic treatment may mitigate microbiota disruption. Further studies in independent cohorts will offer opportunities to generalize these findings and evaluate microbiota-sparing interventions.
Intracellular complement factor H protects neurons during CNS inflammation
中枢神经系统炎症期间细胞内补体因子H保护神经
▲ 作者：Christina Mayer, Marcel S. Woo, Jana K. Sonner, Lars Binkle-Ladisch, Felix Fischbach, Patricia Sekol, Matthew D. Smith, Fernando Lucas-Ruiz, Darwin Manteufel, Kuno M.-J. Mattern, Lena Kristina Pfeffer, Yubing Guo, Bente Siebels, Albert Miguela, Vanessa Vieira, Nina Meurs, Simone Bauer, Sophia Schwarz, Sonia Wulf, Anne Katrin Mühlig, Jan Broder Engler, Marcus Conrad, Florence M. Bareyre, Thorsten Wiech, …Manuel A. Friese
▲链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10981-y
▲摘要：
神经退行性变是多发性硬化症（MS）——中枢神经系统（CNS）最常见的慢性炎症性疾病——中导致残疾的主要驱动因素。视网膜神经节细胞（RGC）是眼中一类异质性神经元群体，在MS中发生退化，为研究神经元亚型对炎症损伤的差异性耐受提供了一个模型。然而，导致这种差异性易感性的神经元内在机制仍不清楚。
研究者鉴定出神经元中细胞内补体因子H（CFH）的神经保护作用。通过对来自MS供者和对照个体的RGC进行单核RNA测序分析，他们发现CFH表达与RGC退化的内在耐受性强烈相关。在机制上，CFH在视网膜和其他CNS神经元中响应炎症和氧化应激而被诱导，并在其中限制活性氧积累和脂质过氧化。
CFH定位于内质网，这是神经元铁死亡过程中脂质过氧化的主要部位。其保护活性依赖于其C端SCR20结构域，不依赖于CFH分泌，并且在补体成分C3缺失时仍然保留。这些发现揭示了CFH在神经元中的一种非经典细胞内功能。研究结果鉴定出CFH是小鼠和人类CNS中神经元耐受性的关键介质，并为炎症性神经退行性变提供了机制见解，对MS治疗和更广泛的神经保护具有重要意义。
▲ Abstract：
Neurodegeneration is a major driver of disability in multiple sclerosis (MS), the most common chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS)1. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), a heterogeneous neuronal population in the eye, undergo degeneration in MS and provide a model to study neuronal subtype-specific resilience to inflammatory injury2. However, the neuron-intrinsic mechanisms underlying differential vulnerability remain unclear. Here we identify a neuroprotective role for intracellular complement factor H (CFH) in neurons. Using single-nucleus RNA-sequencing analysis of RGCs from donors with MS and control individuals, we found that CFH expression was strongly correlated with intrinsic resilience to RGC degeneration. Mechanistically, CFH was induced in retinal and other CNS neurons in response to inflammatory and oxidative stress, where it limited reactive oxygen species accumulation and lipid peroxidation. CFH localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, a major site of lipid peroxidation during neuronal ferroptosis. Its protective activity was dependent on its C-terminal SCR20 domain, was independent of CFH secretion and was preserved in the absence of complement component C3. These findings reveal a non-canonical intracellular function of CFH in neurons. Together, our results identify CFH as a key mediator of neuronal resilience across the CNS in mice and humans and provide mechanistic insight into inflammatory neurodegeneration with implications for MS therapy and neuroprotection more broadly.
生态学Ecology
Synergistic degradation of fucoidans in the ocean
海洋中岩藻多糖的协同降解作用
▲ 作者：Andreas Sichert, Shaul Pollak, Taylor Priest, Akshit Goyal, Samuel Miravet-Verde, Shinichi Sunagawa, Otto X. Cordero & Uwe Sauer
▲链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10980-z
▲摘要：
岩藻多糖是褐藻与硅藻产生的一类复杂多糖，因其难以被微生物降解，在海洋长期碳封存过程中发挥重要作用。尽管单一微生物仅能分解该多糖的部分片段，但自然界中岩藻多糖能否被完全降解、以及对应的作用机制，此前尚不明确。
研究表明，岩藻多糖的降解依靠具有互补代谢功能的专一性细菌之间的协同互作实现。本研究对重构的海洋微生物共培养体系开展代谢组分析，发现存在不同代谢功能群细菌：一部分优先降解硫酸化岩藻糖主链，另一部分则降解稀有单体构成的侧链。这种功能分工带来不同降解菌之间大量的协同互作效应，最高可将降解效率提升至97.1%。
尽管不同藻类来源的岩藻多糖结构存在差异，但降解菌的代谢功能具有保守性，据此可依据群落组成与底物组分对降解结果开展定量预测。海洋宏基因组数据中，功能互补的岩藻多糖降解菌频繁共同出现，说明该协同降解策略具有全球普适性。
研究结果表明，复杂生物聚合物在环境中的周转，不仅取决于降解微生物个体的代谢能力，还取决于底物分子结构所塑造的生态相互作用。该工作为解析海洋碳循环提供了机理框架，同时也为构建人工合成微生物群落、降解难降解多糖提供理论依据。
▲ Abstract：
Fucoidans, a class of complex polysaccharides produced by brown algae and diatoms, contribute to long-term carbon sequestration owing to their resistance to microbial degradation. Although individual microorganisms can break down portions of these polysaccharides, it remains unclear whether complete breakdown is possible in nature and, if so, by what mechanisms. Here we show that fucoidans are degraded through synergistic interactions between specialized bacteria with complementary metabolic functions. Using metabolomic analysis of a reconstructed marine consortium, we uncovered metabolic guilds of bacteria that preferentially degrade either the sulfated fucose backbone or the side branches of rare monomers. This functional division of labour leads to an unexpectedly high number of synergistic interactions between different degraders that enhanced degradation efficiency up to 97.1%. Despite varying fucoidan structures across different types of algae6, the metabolic functions of degraders remained conserved, enabling quantitative prediction of degradation outcomes based on community and substrate composition. The frequent co-occurrence of functionally complementary fucoidan degraders in ocean metagenomes suggests that synergistic degradation is a globally relevant strategy. Our findings suggest that the environmental turnover of complex biopolymers depends not only on individual metabolic capabilities of degraders but also on ecological interactions shaped by substrate architecture. This work provides a mechanistic framework for understanding carbon cycling in the ocean and for engineering synthetic microbial consortia to degrade recalcitrant polysaccharides.
Intrinsic physicochemical activity at microplastic–water interfaces
微塑料—水界面的本征物理化学活性
▲ 作者：Naixin Qian, Ruoqi Zhao, Kwing Yeung Chan, Vinh Gia Vuong, Xin Gao, Zhilun Zhao, R. Allen LaCour, Yifan Dai, Phoebe A. Stapleton, Beizhan Yan, Teresa Head-Gordon & Wei Min
▲链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-11141-y
▲摘要：
塑料已经成为现代社会不可或缺的材料，很大程度上是因为通常认为常规条件下塑料具备化学惰性。但塑料破碎形成微塑料（粒径小于5毫米）后引发了广泛的公众担忧；微塑料已在各类生态系统乃至人体组织中被普遍检出，其带来的环境与健康风险持续升高。
研究表明，商用微塑料在水中具备本征物理化学活性，表现为可自发产生活性氧物种；该效应随界面疏水性升高而增强，并且与界面静电作用高度相关。从头算理论计算支持上述实验现象：在疏水性更强的微塑料水界面，受部分溶剂化效应与静电效应共同作用，氢氧根离子的氧化过程在能量上变得更易发生。
这类界面性质及其诱发的氧化化学反应，会直接影响生物分子吸附、蛋白质聚集，甚至造成细胞损伤。综上，研究结果挑战了广为接受的“塑料呈化学惰性”的传统认知，揭示了微塑料危害环境与人体健康的一种以往可能被忽视的作用机制；同时加深了对界面水构—效关系的基础理解，可为开发更安全、更具环境可持续性的塑料材料提供理论依据。
▲ Abstract：
Plastics have become an integral part of our modern society, largely because they are generally regarded as chemically inert under normal circumstances. However, plastics fragmented into microplastics (less than 5 mm in size) have recently raised significant public concerns, and have been detected widely across ecosystems and human tissues with increasing environmental and health risks. Here we show that commodity microplastics exhibit intrinsic physicochemical activity in water, manifested by the spontaneous generation of reactive oxygen species that increases with interfacial hydrophobicity and strongly correlates with interfacial electrostatics. Ab initio calculations support these observations and reveal that hydroxide oxidation becomes energetically more favourable at increasingly hydrophobic microplastic–water interfaces through the combined effects of partial solvation and electrostatics. These interfacial properties and the resulting oxidative chemistry have direct implications for biomolecular adsorption, protein aggregation, and even cellular damage. Together, our findings challenge the prevailing paradigm of plastic inertness, identify a possibly overlooked mechanism for the detrimental effects of microplastics on health and the environment, and contribute to a fundamental understanding of the structure–activity relationship of interfacial water, which may inform the design of safer and more sustainable plastic materials.