《自然》（20260910出版）一周论文导读
《自然》（20260910出版）一周论文导读
编译｜未玖
Nature, 10 September 2026, Volume 657, Issue 8131
《自然》2026年9月10日，第657卷，8131期
天文学Astronomy
Discovery of a star sensitive to the spin of Sagittarius A*
发现一颗可探测人马座A*自旋的恒星
▲作者：K. Abd El Dayem, R. Abuter, N. Aimar, P. Amaro-Seoane, A. Berdeu, J.-P. Berger, et al
▲链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10894-w
▲摘要：
人马座A*（Sgr A*）位于银河系中心，是距离地球最近的大质量黑洞（MBH）。借助其周边区域，学界可测量围绕Sgr A*运行的单颗恒星轨道。这些恒星如同测试粒子，可探测这颗质量为4.3×10 6 M⊙的MBH周围的引力势。
观测结果表明，中心质量的测量精度达到亚百分级别；恒星弱相对论运动使学界能够观测到主要相对论修正效应、引力红移、横向多普勒效应，以及由史瓦西度规描述的引力势所引发的顺向轨道进动。上述效应量级为β 2 =(v/c) 2 （v为恒星速度，c为光速）。旋转黑洞对应的克尔度规将产生量级为β 3 的修正项。
研究组报道了一颗暗弱主序星S301（m K = 9.3）的发现：其轨道周期为8.7年，近心距足够小，恒星峰值速度可达25000km?s ?1 。
依托当前近红外干涉仪的观测能力，以及未来超大型望远镜的光谱观测，S301的轨道运动可直接用于探测人马座A*的自旋。S301的高轨道偏心率表明，该恒星是双星系统中被希尔斯机制瓦解后捕获的那颗子星。
▲Abstract：
Residing in the centre of the Milky Way, Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*) is the closest massive black hole (MBH). Its vicinity has allowed measuring individual stellar orbits around it. The stars act as test particles and probe the gravitational potential around the 4.3×10 6 M⊙ MBH. These observations have determined the central mass to sub-per-cent precision, and the mildly relativistic motions of stars have given access to the dominant relativistic corrections, the gravitational redshift, the transverse Doppler effect and the prograde precession imposed by the Schwarzschild metric nature of the potential. These effects are of order β 2 = (v/c) 2 (for velocity v and speed of light c). The Kerr metric for a rotating black hole leads to corrections of order β 3 . Here, we report the discovery of a faint main-sequence star (m K = 19.3), S301, on an 8.7-year orbit and with small enough a pericentre distance, such that the peak velocity of the star reaches 25,000?km?s ?1 . Within the measurement abilities of current near-infrared interferometry and future spectroscopy on an extremely large telescope, the motion of S301 is directly sensitive to the spin of Sgr A*. The high eccentricity of S301 suggests that it is the captured component of a binary that was torn apart by the Hills mechanism.
物理学Physics
Infrared absorption spectroscopy of a single polyatomic molecular ion
单个多原子分子离子的红外吸收光谱
▲作者：Zhenlin Wu, Tim Duka, Mariano Isaza-Monsalve, Miriam Kautzky, Vojtěch ?varc, Andrea Turci, et al.
▲链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10915-8
▲摘要：
吸收光谱学是探测分子结构的基本工具。然而，由于信噪比低，对单个分子进行吸收光谱分析颇具挑战。
研究组报道了与原子离子共捕获的单个分子离子中红外振动跃迁的非破坏性吸收光谱分析。单个光子的吸收通过被吸收光子传递给分子的动量转移来检测。该反冲信号利用双离子晶体的非经典运动态进行放大，随后由原子离子读出。
研究组表征了反冲检测方法，并用其研究飞秒激光脉冲与单个CaOH + 分子离子中O-H伸缩振动之间的相互作用。此外，研究组展示了单光子灵敏度的振动跃迁光谱。该方法可为复杂多原子分子的无损状态检测提供一种新途径，助力制备和测量广泛分子种类的量子态。
▲Abstract：
Absorption spectroscopy is a fundamental tool for probing molecular structure. However, performing absorption spectroscopy on individual molecules is challenging because of the low signal-to-noise ratio. Here we report on non-destructive absorption spectroscopy on a mid-infrared vibrational transition in a single molecular ion that is co-trapped with an atomic ion. The absorption of a single photon is detected by the momentum transfer from the absorbed photon onto the molecule. This recoil signal is amplified using a non-classical state of motion of the two-ion crystal and subsequently read out by the atomic ion. We characterize the recoil detection method and use it to investigate the interaction between femtosecond laser pulses and the O–H stretching vibration in individual CaOH + molecular ions. Furthermore, we present the spectrum obtained for the vibrational transition with single-photon sensitivity. This method can provide a way of performing non-destructive state detection of complex polyatomic molecules, for preparation and measurement of the quantum state of a wide range of molecular species.
材料科学Materials Science
Thermally evaporated perovskite/silicon tandems via formamidinium eutectic
甲脒共晶助力热蒸发钙钛矿/硅叠层
▲作者：Chao Luo, Rui He, Ran Luo, Jingcong Hu, Yuduan Wang, Yu Shi, et al.
▲链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10970-1
▲摘要：
溶液加工仍是制备高性能钙钛矿/硅叠层电池的主流工艺，但同时实现工业可扩展性与长期可靠性仍颇具挑战。热蒸发工艺具备更强的工业化应用潜力，但尚未成功应用于大面积钙钛矿/硅叠层电池，主要原因是高温蒸发过程中碘化甲脒（FAI）会发生热分解。
研究组合成了一种甲脒基共晶体系，可将FAI有效蒸发温度平均降低36℃，使其低于热分解临界温度，从而实现FAI稳定蒸发且不发生热分解。因此，基于该方法制备的蒸发型钙钛矿薄膜结晶性得到提升，并具备原子尺度的组分均匀性。
连续蒸发制备的钙钛矿/硅叠层电池，稳态效率达到31.5%（1 cm 2 ）。得益于蒸发工艺优异的均匀性，研究组进一步在商用半切G12硅片上实现热蒸发大面积钙钛矿/硅叠层电池，器件稳态效率达30%（200 m 2 ）。
器件面积由1cm2放大至200 cm 2 时，相对效率衰减仅3.99%；据研究组所知，这是目前已报道钙钛矿基叠层电池面积放大过程中的最低效率损失。基于该共晶体系的叠层电池经2000小时湿热老化测试（85℃、相对湿度85%）后，仍保留初始效率的95%；在实际室外运行2个月后，功率衰减几乎可以忽略。
▲Abstract：
Solution processing remains the dominant route to high-performance perovskite/silicon tandems, but it remains challenging to simultaneously achieve industrial scalability and long-term reliability. Thermal evaporation is more industrially viable, yet it has not been successfully demonstrated for large-area perovskite/silicon tandems, largely due to the thermal degradation of formamidinium iodide (FAI) during high-temperature evaporation. Here we synthesize a formamidinium-based eutectic that lowers the effective evaporation temperature of FAI by an average of 36?°C—below its degradation threshold—thereby enabling stable FAI evaporation without thermal degradation. As a result, the evaporated perovskite films have enhanced crystallinity and atomic-scale compositional homogeneity. Sequentially evaporated perovskite/silicon tandems achieve a steady-state efficiency of 31.5% (1?cm 2 ). Benefiting from the uniformity of evaporation, we further demonstrate a thermally evaporated large-area perovskite/silicon tandem on a commercial half-cut G12 wafer, delivering a steady-state efficiency of 30% (200?cm 2 ). Scaling the device area from 1 cm 2 to 200?cm 2 incurs only a 3.99% relative efficiency loss, representing, to our knowledge, the lowest reported efficiency penalty for area scaling in perovskite-based tandems. The eutectic-based tandem retains 95% of its initial efficiency after 2,000?h of damp-heat ageing (85?°C and 85% relative humidity) and has negligible power loss after 2 months of real-world outdoor operation.
Spontaneously charged water drops induce corrosion
自发带电的水滴诱发腐蚀
▲作者：Zhongyuan Ni, Xiaomei Li, Aaron D. Ratschow, Lin Jian, Xiaoteng Zhou, Pravash Bista, et al.
▲链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10941-6
▲摘要：
水滴在不同表面（如植物叶片、昆虫翅膀、建筑墙壁、窗玻璃和塑料）上移动时会自发带电。这一过程被称为接触起电或滑动起电，类似于固体之间的摩擦起电。以这种方式带电的水滴，其电势可超过1 kV。一个至关重要但尚未解决的问题是：水滴中的电荷是否会导致腐蚀。
研究组分析了连续水滴撞击由非导电涂层保护的金属表面所产生的影响。在撞击涂层金属之前，水滴通过在绝缘表面上滑动而自发获得电荷。研究组证明，这些带电水滴可使涂层发生电击穿，并导致金属腐蚀。
由于自发带电的水滴会自然形成，这种此前被忽视的腐蚀机制可能造成文化遗产、建筑、船舶、汽车和其他金属部件发生退化。该发现可改进防腐策略，并强调亟需能够抵抗水滴电荷诱发损伤的防护材料。
▲ Abstract：
Water drops spontaneously become electrically charged when moving on different surfaces, such as plant leaves, insect wings, building walls, window glass and plastic. This process, known as contact or sliding electrification, is analogous to tribocharging between solids. The electric potential of water drops charged in this way can exceed 1?kV. A vital but as yet unanswered question is whether the charge in water drops causes corrosion. Here we analyse the effect of series of water drops hitting metal surfaces, which are protected by a non-conductive coating. Before hitting the coated metal, the drops acquire a charge spontaneously by sliding over an insulating surface. We demonstrated that these charged drops can cause the coating to break down electrically and lead to corrosion of the metal. As spontaneously charged water drops form naturally, this previously overlooked corrosion mechanism may contribute to the degradation of cultural heritage sites, buildings, ships, cars and other metal components. Our findings can improve anticorrosion strategies and emphasize the need for protective materials capable of resisting charge-induced damage from water drops.
化学Chemistry
Entangled dual-site migration through boracycle rearrangement
通过硼杂环重排实现纠缠双位点迁移反应
▲作者：Zheng Zhu, Peiqi Zhang, Bin Gao, Kit San Ly, Hongyi Tao, Yiyi Fu, et al.
▲链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10931-8
▲摘要：
迁移是一类基础的化学转化。除了科学好奇心与机理研究吸引力之外，迁移反应能够实现对远端位点或其他难以反应位点的官能化，可与传统合成方法形成互补。
尽管单位点迁移已被广泛研究，并可实现很强的区域选择性调控，但如何调控碳链上两个相距较远位点同时发生迁移，在很大程度上仍有待探索。这主要是因为在两个迁移中心同时控制化学选择性、区域选择性和非对映选择性时，体系复杂性呈指数级增加。
研究组提出了一种纠缠双位点迁移的概念验证策略，通过他们称为硼杂环己烷重排的过程实现，即硼杂环己烷环沿碳骨架的“先导-跟随”式运动。这种硼杂环重排最多可跨越八个碳原子，可在两个迁移位点同时精准调控区域选择性和非对映选择性。
此外，硼杂环产物可作为多功能合成子，用于发散式合成（杂）环化合物和ε-双官能化（引入的两个官能团之间相隔四个碳原子），从而极大扩展（杂）环构建和多位点修饰的化学空间，尤其适用于碳链中间区域的官能化。
▲Abstract：
Migration is a fundamental chemical transformation. Beyond scientific curiosity and mechanistic intrigue, migration reactions offer approaches to remote or otherwise challenging reaction sites, complementary to traditional synthetic methodologies. While single-site migration has been extensively studied with great regioselectivity control, orchestrating the concurrent migration of two distant sites along a carbon chain remains largely unexplored. This is primarily due to the exponentially raised complexity in controlling chemoselectivity, regioselectivity and diastereoselectivity at two migrating centres. Here we present a proof-of-concept strategy of entangled dual-site migration, enabled by a process that we term the borinane rearrangement—a lead-and-follow movement of a borinane ring along the carbon backbone. This boracycle rearrangement traverses up to eight carbon atoms, allowing for precise control over both regioselectivity and diastereoselectivity at two migrating positions. Moreover, the boracyclic products serve as versatile synthons for divergent synthesis of (hetero)cycles and epsilon-difunctionalization (one introduced functional group is four carbons away from the other), substantially expanding the chemical space of (hetero)cycle construction and multi-site modification, especially at the central regions of carbon chains.
地球科学Earth Science
A global atmospheric methane record from a tropical ice core
来自热带冰芯的全球大气甲烷记录
▲作者：Kara A. Lamantia, Lonnie G. Thompson, Mary E. Davis, Ben Riddell-Young, Ivo Strawson, Emilie Beaudon, et al.
▲链接：
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-026-10938-1
▲摘要：
热带湿地被普遍认为是大气甲烷（CH 4 ）最大的自然来源。然而，湿地分布范围与甲烷产量存在诸多不确定性，导致模型模拟得到的甲烷排放趋势存在很大差异。多数历史重建研究依赖极地冰芯数据，这类数据无法完整解析热带地区对甲烷收支的贡献。
研究组报道了取自瓦斯卡兰雪山南峰峰顶冰芯（峰顶A冰芯，SCA；南纬9.122°，西经77.605°，海拔6768米）的2000年大气甲烷浓度记录。结果发现，该甲烷记录的变化趋势与幅度和极地冰芯记录大体一致。
研究组测得的δ 13 C-CH 4 数据（公元约1530-1999年）与支持热带为甲烷主要来源的同位素结果相一致。将该记录整合到大气四箱模型的模拟结果表明，过去两千年来赤道始终是甲烷源强度的主导区域。
研究结果显示，赤道地区甲烷排放量高于以往仅基于极地冰芯数据得到的估算值，支持了低纬度甲烷排放主导工业化前（PI）甲烷变率的长期假设支撑。该结果证明，热带冰芯对于重建甲烷变率及其纬度分布具有重要价值。
▲Abstract：
Tropical wetlands are widely considered the largest natural source of atmospheric methane (CH 4 ). However, uncertainties about wetland extent and CH 4 production have led to large variations in modelled CH 4 emission trends. Most historical reconstructions rely on data from polar ice cores, which cannot fully resolve the tropical contribution to the CH 4 budget. Here we present a 2,000-year record of atmospheric CH 4 concentrations from ice cores drilled from the South Peak summit of Nevado Huascarán (Summit Core A, SCA; ?9.122°?S, ?77.605°?W; 6,768?m asl). We find that the trends and magnitudes of our CH 4 record are broadly consistent with polar records. Our δ 13 C-CH 4 measurements (from approximately 1530?CE to 1999?CE) align with isotope values consistent with a dominant tropical CH 4 source. Integration of our record into an atmospheric four-box model suggests a sustained equatorial dominance of CH 4 source strength over the past two millennia. Our findings indicate that equatorial CH 4 emissions are higher than previous estimates based only on polar ice core data, supporting the long-standing hypothesis that low-latitude CH 4 emissions dominated pre-industrial (PI) CH 4 variability. These results demonstrate the importance of tropical ice cores on the reconstruction of CH 4 variability and latitudinal distribution.